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voices from Ravensbrück /
the Camp
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"After three days in a train car that stank of excrement, we arrived at Ravensbrück. The train stopped in front of a barbwire fence. No station. On the other side of the fence, there was… it wasn’t human. They were skeletons. Strange clothes and shaved heads. They had two holes in their face. The eyes sat so deeply, they looked like holes. When we saw those haggard people… we knew we had arrived at the kingdom of the dead."
/ Alice
"We lived in a barrack of about 1000. We slept three or four people in one bed. Then in 1944, after the Warsaw riots, the prisoners who came lived in enormous tents of about 10,000 people and they slept on the grass. When winter came, there was no water, no toilets. It was horrendous. People slept in mud."
/ Maria
"Then I came to the textile workshop, which expanded and got bigger and bigger. We sewed night and day. If you fell asleep, you got punished, and punished hard…"
/ Apolonia
"We dug mass graves. Dug and dug. When the graves were full, another patrol came and dug up all the corpses and burned them. No evidence could be left. Then we began to dig some other place. How many were there? I don’t know. Everything was calculated. There were professors who had planned it."
/ Alice
"There was constant crying, wailing. The Nazis wanted to crush us. Take away our human dignity. Hunger and cold were hard. The doubt was also hard ‘Who am I?’ The guards hit and pushed us all the time. They pointed to the chimneys all the time and said: ‘That’s the only way out. No other.’ "
/ Apolonia
"Sometimes there was a fear of becoming insensitive to everything that happened at the camp. There is no way to explain it with words what we went through. I kicked those who had died to get water. You thought, ‘God, can I come away from here as a human?"
/ Apolonia
"There was a barrack for newborns. During the night, the doors were closed and nobody could get in to the babies. Many children died during the night. There were rats and the rats ate…"
/ Maria
"Every camp had their medical specialty. At Ravensbrück, they cut open the legs of young girls from the knee to the ankle and put dirty rags in the wounds to generate infections. The girls were not given any medicine. They got high fevers and many died."
/ Apolonia
"At roll call, many were picked out to be human guinea pigs, but this could also happen at night. We lived in constant fear that they would come."
/ Apolonia
"Censorship was harsh and a lot of texts were omitted. The pen that you loaned had to be given back the next day. If a guard found you with a pen that hadn’t been returned, you were beaten to near death. They were probably afraid a letter would be smuggled out that told the truth about the camp."
/ Anika
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Dehumanization and sorting
On arrival in the camp the women were stripped of their identity. The Nazis sorted the prisoners into different groups and marked them with numbers and symbols to show what the prisoner was accused of and thus how she should be treated by the guards. The symbol key here was used in Ravensbrück and other camps.
The colours and symbols on the chart show the Nazi categorization of the prisoners. The symbols had the following meanings:
red = political prisoner
green = professional criminal
blue = emigrant (i.e. a German captured in exile)
purple = Jehovah’s Witness
pink = homosexual
black = Roma and asocials (designated by the Nazis as work-shy,
prostitutes, alcoholics and mentally ill individuals)
A horizontal bar over the triangle meant a recidivist.
A black circle with a dot under the triangle = prisoners of the
penal company (prisoners with particularly severe punishment
including isolation and torture).
The Star of David with a yellow base combined with triangles of
different colours above = Jews placed in one of the categories
above.
Black and yellow triangle = Jews who mixed with non-Jews.
Red circle in a white frame = particularly escape-prone
individuals.
The letters stand for the country from which the prisoner came:
P = Poland, T = Czechoslovakia.
Bottom right, an example of a sleeve with designations.
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Drawing tablet with 10 sketches representing life at the camp. On the cover are the initials KK, Krystyna Karier, 10 x 8.5 cm.
Dedication on the picture:
“To Krysia from M.J., Ravensbrück, 13/3 1945.
“Ferfugi” camp term for the German’s Verfügbar, a designation of those who could work, but had not yet been given a duty, in other words “Available”.
Four labels from the Red Cross package with the name Elzbieta Plaskowicka, no. 11259, barrack 17 and Stanislawa Plaskowicka, no. 11260, barrack 17, 15x9cm.
"Revir card", or "hospital card" made out to Plaskowicka Elzbieta and Plaskowicka Stanislawa. “Revir” was a name for the infirmary barrack. 10 x 7.5 cm.
Three letters, two are 21 x 15 cm and one is 19.5 x 5 cm.
Brev
till mor
Jag skriver till dig mor
varje månad ett officiellt brev.
Alltid det samma,
en välkänd text, banal:
att jag lever och är frisk
och att jag tackar för paketen.
Vad tänker du då du läser dessa ord,
hur förstår du dem, vad känner du?
Vet du vilken stor lögn det är?
O Gud! Endast Du vet
hur den nakna sanningen ser ut.
Jag kanske ska berätta någon gång.
Det är slut på hänförelser.
Romantiken har gått åt helvete.
Vet du vilka drömmar jag har?
Jag drömmer om rena lakan
och så skulle man väldigt gärna
ibland vilja ha varmt vatten.
Mor! Vet du att min kropp
är en stor böld?
Att löss och loppor äter mig
så att jag ibland tjuter av förtvivlan?
Och där i friheten- vet de
vad ordet 'durchfall'* betyder?
Kan man gå i en grön skog
och sjunga när man får lust?
Mor! Du vet inte hur jag ibland
grips av en vild längtan.
Jag skakar som en galning
i lidande och hjälplöshet.
Jag lyfter mina armar
och gråter till friheten.
Och på en stallbrits bredvid
dör en människa.
Ögonen är frånvarande och hon skriker
och döden går omkring och väljer ut.
Hon skriker att hon vill ännu leva,
att hon måste till barnen, till hemmet.
Febern och frossbrytningarna bränner,
döden närmar sig smygande.
Barn, ni väntar förgäves!
Brist ut i gråt, i en bitter längtan!
Det är bra, att ni inte vet,
att hennes lik låg i gyttjan
vid baracken med andra lik.
Åh, hon låg där inte ensam
i många timmar
er kära mamma.
Och bredvid inte långt ifrån
dör ännu en.
En tår glänser under ögonlocket
och hon förändras, den arma.
Igår var hon fortfarande frisk,
alla var förtjusta i henne.
Den hemska lägersjukdomen.
Den så kallade blåssjukan.
Hon är tjugo år, flickan,
och någonstans där bortom taggtråden
längtar någon, minns,
gråter bittra tårar.
Och fästmannen är sorgsen.
Han längtar efter de där månaderna.
Hon återvänder aldrig,
återvänder inte likt så många tusen.
Och hela tiden ser jag framför mig
så många kroppar täckta av varblåsor .
Mor! Vad jag äcklas,
det är ett spetälskeläger.
I långa sömnlösa nätter
pratar jag med dig, mor!
Lampans sken blinkar där uppe
och jag drömmer hela tiden det samma:
att du böjer dig över mig
som en gång över vaggan.
Du har en så behaglig hand
Du är nära så länge.
Då känner jag inte "durchfall".
Då hör jag inte när de ber om vatten
och ser inte denna nöd
och hör inte när de bär ut liket.
Och jag vill behålla dig med all kraft,
mor min kära!
Men jag vet att allt detta har jag drömt.
Och bakom mig har jag en sömnlös natt.
*diarré
Krysia Nowak,
Ravensbrück 1944